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21.
The effect of GA3 on coleoptile-and first leaf elongation of tall (rht1) and semi-dwarf (Rht1) nearly-isogenic genotypes, within each of 25 random F9 wheat families, was determined on seedlings grown in a growth room at 18 °C. Conspicuous and very significant inter-family variation in the response of the first leaf to GA3 application was found in both the rht1 and Rht1 genotypes. The magnitudes of the response of the different families within genotypes to GA3 were not related to the leaf length of their untreated seedlings. It is suggested that, under given environmental conditions, background genotypic effects, inducing inter-family variation in responsiveness to GA3, regulate the elongation growth up to the limits set by the Rht alleles. 相似文献
22.
The induction of parthenocarpic fruit set was investigated using the apple cvs. Golden Delicious and Jonagold. The gibberellins GA3, GA4, GA5 and GA7 and the synthetic phenylurea-type cytokinin CPPU (N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N-phenylurea), were applied alone and in combination to unpollinated flowers at the end of petal fall. Gibberellins induced only a marginal final set of parthenocarpic fruits. CPPU sprays were more effective, particularly in the first year. When applied in combination, CPPU and gibberellins had a positive synergistic effect on parthenocarpic fruit set and fruit size, but a negative effect on flower induction the next year. After CPPU + GA sprays, percent fruit set was similar, or greater, compared to natural pollinated trees. The parthenocarpic fruits induced by CPPU + GA had an increased length to diameter ratio. CPPU stimulated, and GA4 and GA7 reduced, the russeting of the parthenocarpic fruits. The internal quality of the fruits was hardly affected, but Ca-deficiency symptoms occurred more frequently in parthenocarpic fruits. 相似文献
23.
Since the late eighties a handy and user-friendly sap flow meter (Dynagage®) is on the market which can quantify 0205 the sap flow through intact plant stems, based on the stem heat balance method. The documentation about its accuracy and reliability, however, is still too limited to use it as a standard method in field experiments with apple trees. We therefore tested this commercial system on potted apple trees (Malus domestica L.; cv. Red Elstar and Jonagold; on rootstock M9 vf) with stem diameters of 1.8 to 4 cm. The measured sap flow was compared with mass loss measured by an automated balance, supposing the total mass loss of the trees was equal to the water loss by transpiration. The results revealed three major problems:
In order to avoid these problems we constructed a sap flow meter which guarantees an optimum contact with the stem and works with continuously controlled power supply. Both aspects, response time and effect on the bark tissue, could be improved: in all measurement series the average sap flow (during light period) deviated <4% and=" often=">4%><1% from=" mass=" loss.=" the=" differences=" were=" usually=">1%><15% for=" the=" short-term=" averages=" through=" 15–30=" min.=" the=" modified=" sap=" flow=" meter=" also=" proved=" reliable=" during=" 10-day=" measurements=" in=" the=" field.=" however,=" for=" time-accurate=" measurements=" on=" apple=" trees=" with=" a=" stem=" diameter=">3–4 cm accounting for the energy stored in the heated stem section became indispensable.15%> 相似文献
1. | When there was no optimum contact of the elements of the gauge with the stem, which is typically very irregular on young apple trees, the calculated sap flow rates (accumulated through 24 h) showed errors >20%. |
2. | On 4 year-old trees the calculated sap flow rate showed considerable time lags in periods with abruptly changing transpiration rates, mainly because this sap flow method does not account for energy which is stored in the heated stem section. |
3. | The constant power input to the stem given with this sap flow meter caused heat damages to the bark tissue after >6 days of continuous measurements. |
24.
25.
The long-term effects of biological agents alone and in combination with monoammonium phosphate on tree growth and fruit production
of apple trees planted on apple replant soil was studied for five years. Application of monoammonium phosphate (MAP) in the
year of planting increased shoot growth, cross-sectional trunk area and fruit yield of McIntosh on M.26 rootstock for the
first two years. The application of bacterial agents alone were not effective in increasing young tree growth except BACT-1
in 1987. None of the bacterial agents increased fruit yield when applied alone. The addition of certain bacterial agents to
MAP application increased young tree growth in various years. The combination of bacterial agent B-10 and MAP reduced young
tree growth and yield compared with the MAP treatment alone. These results suggest that the application of MAP alone may be
sufficient to alleviate the replant problem and the addition of BACT-1, EBW-4 or B8 bacterial agents to this treatment may
be beneficial to increase tree growth in some years.
Contribution number 822.
Contribution number 822. 相似文献
26.
中国优质水果资源的分布与适宜生态环境 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
根据农业部在80年代两次组织评选出的全国189个优质水果产地的生态环境资料,用微型电子计算机系统建立数据库,统计分析柑桔、苹果和梨优质产品的构成比例、产区分布地域及其适宜的环境指标和主栽品种的生态适应性,为果树良种区域化栽培与选育提供依据。 相似文献
27.
A method has been developed for the isolation of RNA from apple skin. The method involves an adaptation of the Manning (1991)
method and includes a high-salt extraction step and a final purification step through a CsCl cushion. The RNA isolated was
of high quality and produced good hybridization signals in northern blot analyses. 相似文献
28.
Lene Sigsgaard 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2004,111(3):215-223
Anthocoris nemorum L. and Anthocoris nemoralis Fabricius (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) are important predators of insect pests in pome fruit. Females insert their eggs in leaf tissue. The females’ choice of oviposition site is important for the subsequent distribution of nymphs on host plants. Oviposition preference for apple and pear leaves was tested in the laboratory in four experiments (experiments 1–4). In three experiments it was tested whether simulated insect damage to leaves (experiments 5 and 6) or the presence of prey (experiment 7) influenced oviposition preference. The effect of the presence of prey was only tested for A. nemorum on apple leaves. There was a highly significant anthocorid species × plant interaction for the number of eggs laid on apple and pear leaves. Anthocoris nemorum laid more eggs on apple than on pear leaves, while A. nemoralis preferred pear. Anthocoris nemorum's preference for apple increased over the 6‐week period in which experiments 1–4 were performed, from 66% to 91% eggs laid on apple leaves. No change over time in preference was found for A. nemoralis. Across experiments 1–4, the majority of A. nemorum eggs were laid near leaf margins, whereas eggs of A. nemoralis were more commonly found in the leaf centre, 5 mm or more from the margin, with a highly significant leaf region × species interaction. There was no significant difference in preference for leaf side between A. nemorum and A. nemoralis, but there was a highly significant plant × leaf side × experiment interaction. Thus, more eggs were laid on the ventral than on the dorsal side of pear leaves in experiment 4, while significantly more eggs were laid on the dorsal side of apple leaves in experiments 3 and 4. Choice tests between damaged and healthy leaves showed that A. nemorum laid significantly more eggs on the damaged leaves, while A. nemoralis preferred healthy leaves. Anthocoris nemorum showed a near‐significant preference for ovipositing on leaves with eggs of Operophtera brumata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). The oviposition preferences found correspond to the natural distribution of these predators in apple and pear orchards. The preference of A. nemorum for leaf margins, and of A. nemoralis for the leaf centre as an oviposition site, supports earlier observations. A preference for leaf side for oviposition site has not been reported earlier. Preference for damaged leaves could help A. nemorum to locate prey in a field situation. 相似文献
29.
A 2‐year study on epidemic progress of apple scab was conducted at Randwijk, the Netherlands, in 1998 and 1999. The summer epidemic caused by conidia was studied instead of the well‐described spring season epidemic originating from ascospores. The aim was to investigate relationships between disease measurements, i.e. disease incidence and severity measures of apple scab, and their implications for the development of predictive models and threshold levels. The study characterized good relationships between the measurements on cultivar Jonagold using regression analyses in three disease control regimes (untreated, organic and integrated). For fruit quality prediction, the relationship between fruit incidence (If) and leaf incidence (Il) in the organic control regime was given by If = 1.966 + 0.402 × (Il) (R2 = 0.92). As a result of low level of disease in the integrated control regime, shoot incidence (Is), with higher values than leaf incidence, was better suited for prediction. The relationship was given by If = ?0.162 + 0.028 × (Is) (R2 = 0.91). For the integrated control regime, disease threshold levels were constructed for timing of the final fungicide application. If an apple grower wants to keep fruit infection under 1% incidence (harvest scab threshold), the timing of the final fungicide application (action threshold) should correspond to 4% shoot scab incidence at the beginning of August. The results are compared with similar studies and their biological interpretation is discussed. 相似文献
30.
ROSEMARIE TEDESCHI CRISTINA VISENTIN ALBERTO ALMA DOMENICO BOSCO 《The Annals of applied biology》2003,142(3):285-290
Adults of Cacopsylla melanoneura, vector of the apple proliferation (AP) phytoplasma, were collected every 2 weeks from January until May in 2000 and 2001 by the beating tray method in eight apple orchards of the Aosta Valley (northwestern Italy). Total DNA was extracted from batches of five insects and amplified with the universal phytoplasma primers P1/P7 in direct PCR. A nested PCR assay was then performed on P1/P7 amplicons using the primers fO1/rO1, specific for the AP‐ phytoplasma group. The digestion of fO1/rO1 amplicons with Ssp I restriction endonuclease confirmed that C. melanoneura adults harboured the AP phytoplasma. The data obtained with PCR were used to estimate the proportion of AP‐positive insects in over wintered and offspring adults. Percentages of AP‐positive insects of 3.6% and 0.8% were estimated in 2000 among over wintered and offspring psyllids respectively. In 2001 only the over wintered insects were found infected, with an estimated proportion of 2.8%. The seasonal abundance of the vector was measured using yellow sticky traps. C. melanoneura was always present at a low population level, and the highest density was recorded from mid‐February until mid‐March in both years. The results show that the overwintered population is higher and spends a longer period in apple orchards, suggesting the crucial role of the overwintered adults in vectoring AP. 相似文献